Minus times minus results in a plus, The reason for this, we needn't discuss. - Ogden Nash Let a and b be in a field (the same proof is possible in a ring, but due to the possible lack of commutativity of multiplication in a ring, it takes more steps) Lemma 1: a*0 = 0*a = 0 a*0 = a*(0 + 0) <0 = 0+0> a*0 = a*0 + a*0 0 = a*0 Lemma 2: -(-(a)) = a By definition of additive inverse, -(-(a)) + -(a) = 0. But, we know that -(a) + a = 0, so -(-(a)) = a, because additive inverses are unique. Lemma 3: (-a)*(b) = (a)*(-b) = -(a*b) 0 = a*0 = a*(b+(-b)) = a*b + a*(-b) this implies that a*(-b) is an additive inverse of a*b, so a*(-b) = -(a*b) Similarly, 0 = 0*b = (a+(-a)*b = a*b + (-a)*b, so (-a)*b = -(a*b) so (-a)*(b) = (a)*(-b) = -(a*b) Prop: (-a)*(-b) = (a*b) (-a)*(-b) = -((-a)*b) -((-a)*b) = -(-(a*b)) -(-(a*b)) = a*b